It should be noted that more than 92% of COD was removed by the MBR process ( Table 3). The COD concentration in the MBR permeate ranged from 21 to 71 mg/L ( Figure 3). The influent COD concentration throughout the investigation was found to vary between 647 and 771 mg/L. Moreover, the operation can be adjusted to obtain aerobic and anoxic conditions in the same tank ( Chan et al. The main advantages of SBR in comparison with other biological treatments are high flexibility, simple running, compact layout, better control of shock loads, possibility of achieving anoxic or anaerobic conditions in the same tank, and good oxygen contact with microorganisms and substrates ( Orhon et al. In general, SBR includes five well-defined phases: fill, react, settle, draw and idle ( Lobo et al. SBR technology is a development of the conventional activated sludge process whereby the treatment steps are combined into a single tank, often referred to as an activated sludge process occurring in time rather than in space ( El-Fadel & Hashisho 2014). The sequencing batch reactor (SBR) is a suitable technology for treatment of high concentrations of organic matter in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment ( Gu et al. ![]() ![]() In recent years, diverse technologies have been introduced for the treatment of municipal, domestic and industrial wastewater ( Corcoran et al.
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